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A Polygraph is a device that produces a copy of a piece of writing simultaneously with the creation of the original, using pens and ink. Patented by John Isaac Hawkins in 1803, it was most famously used by the third U.S. president, Thomas Jefferson, who acquired his first polygraph in 1804, later suggesting improvements to Charles Willson Peale, owner of the American rights. Because Jefferson was a prolific letter writer, the preservation of his copies have offered historians extensive insights into Jefferson's viewpoints and actions.〔 (''The Works of Thomas Jefferson, 12 vols.'' ) At ''The Online Library of Liberty'' (website of Liberty Fund, Inc.)〕 Jefferson called the polygraph "the finest invention of the present age".〔Some information and quotation from curator's card, Smithsonian Museum of American History〕〔Letter: Thomas Jefferson to James Bowdoin, July 10, 1806, Washington – ''Writings of Jefferson 6:7'' The full line is ''"I think it the finest invention of the present age and so much superior to the copying machine that the latter will never be continued a day by any one who tries the polygraph"''. The "copying machine" refers the ''copying press'', which enabled a copy to be made by writing the original using special transferable inks and damp papers to receive the copies. (quoted and described in ''Bedini'', p. 147.)〕 A description of Jefferson's office routine in his own words may be read (here ).〔(''"Drudging at the Writing Table"'' ) (Monticello.org)〕 Another American, Benjamin Henry Latrobe was the first customer of Peale's and not only introduced the device to Jefferson but was also instrumental in its improvement.〔Bedini, Silvio A. (1984). ''Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-8139-1025-3, p. 53 et al.〕 The quality of the copy made by a machine in good condition is so fine that it is considered by some〔(''Thomas Jefferson and the Polygraph'' ) (The Raab Collection, monograph concerning difficulty of authenticating originals vs. copies in Jefferson's letters: ''"Textual anomalies have not historically been considered as indicators"'')〕 that only characteristics other than the quality of the script (''e.g.'', having been mailed, etc.) are reliable indicators (under the assumption that the original was mailed and not the copy), although a worn or maladjusted machine will produce specific indications in the copy.〔 Mechanisms of this type are more generally known as pantographs, which include simple devices for making copies at various enlargements or reductions by tracing over a drawing. ==Description of the device== For a QuickTime animation see.〔(Polygraph movie ) (requires an appropriate browser plug-in and browser setting) To use this animation, place the cursor on the image, click, and drag. The pens will follow your movement in the writing plane, but pen lift and the pen tilts are not demonstrated.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polygraph (duplicating device)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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